Ablation treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors under contrast-enhanced ultrasound guidance in field practice of interventional ultrasound centers. A multicenter study.

The present retrospective study was aimed at characterizing the clinical impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a guidance technique for ablation of primary and secondary liver tumors at six interventional ultrasound centers. 148 patients (103M/45F, median age 74 yrs.) with 151 liver target lesions (median size 15 mm, 86.7% Hepatocellular Carcinomas) in whom CEUS guidance was used for Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (35.2%), Radiofrequency (46.3%) and Microwave (18.5%) were selected during the period 2008-2016. CEUS-guided ablations represented 7.3% (range 2.5%-13.8%) of 2015 ablative sessions performed at the participating centers. Indications to CEUS-guided ablation were: improvement of conspicuity of the target (28.5%), a target lesion undetectable on B-mode ultrasound (29.8%), detection of viable areas in nodules with either incomplete ablation or local tumor progression (41.7%). Overall, complete radiological ablation was obtained in 113/151 tumors (74.8%), with heat-based techniques (RF and MW) achieving higher rate of successful ablation (86.7%) than PEI (51%). Neither deaths nor major complications occurred after ablations. CEUS guidance demonstrates improved visibility and effectiveness in aiding ablation procedures that are otherwise technically difficult using only B-Mode US guidance.

Biopsy of Liver Target Lesions under Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Guidance - A Multi-Center Study.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively characterize the prevalence and impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a guidance technique for the biopsy of liver target lesions (LTLs) at six interventional ultrasound centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The six participating centers retrospectively selected all patients in whom biopsy needles were positioned in LTLs during CEUS. The prevalence of CEUS-guided biopsies at each center between 2005 and 2016, contrast agent consumption, procedure indications, diagnostic yield and complications were assessed. Informed consent was obtained for all patients. RESULTS: CEUS-guided biopsy of LTLs was carried out in 103 patients (68 M/35 F, median age: 69 yrs) with 103 liver target lesions (median size: 20 mm) using cutting needles (18 - 20 g) in 94 cases (91.2 %). CEUS-guided biopsy represented 2.6 % (range: 0.8 - 7.7 %) of 3818 biopsies on LTLs carried out at the participating centers. Indications to CEUS-guided biopsy were: a target lesion not visible on non-enhanced US (27.2 %), improvement of conspicuity of the target (33 %), choice of non-necrotic area inside the target (39.8 %). 26 patients (25.2 %) had a previously non-diagnostic cyto-histological exam. The diagnostic accuracy of the technique was 99 %. No major complications followed infusion of contrast agent or biopsy performance. CONCLUSION: The indications for CEUS-guided biopsy for LTLs are limited, but CEUS can be useful in challenging clinical scenarios, e. g. poorly visualized or invisible lesions or sampling of non-necrotic areas in the target lesions. There is also a potential advantage in using CEUS to guide repeat biopsies after unsuccessful sampling performed using the standard ultrasound technique.

Radiofrequency and microwave ablation of subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma accessed by direct puncture: Safety and efficacy.

OBJECTIVES: Direct puncture of subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for tumor ablation has been considered high risk due to a perceived increased incidence of hemorrhage or tumor seeding. The purpose of this retrospective multicenter study was to identify the rate of tumor seeding, hemorrhage and local tumor progression (LTP) associated with direct puncture radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) ablation of subcapsular HCC. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective review of direct-puncture RF and MW performed on subcapsular HCC was conducted. Complications and local tumor progression were documented. Data was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 60 cirrhotic patients (M/F=43/17; mean age 69.6 years) with 67 subcapsular HCC (mean diameter 2.3 cm ± 1.0 cm) that were directly punctured for RF (n=40) or MW (n=27) under ultrasound (US) guidance. The mean follow-up period was 30.8 months. There were no hemorrhagic complications. The overall LTP rate was 13.4%. There was one case of tumor tract seeding in a patient who had undergone a percutaneous biopsy two weeks prior to RF. CONCLUSIONS: Thermal ablation of HCC by direct puncture appears safe and effective. There were no cases of intraperitoneal hemorrhage, and tumor seeding was seen in a single case in which a preceding percutaneous biopsy had been performed.

Optimized contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for characterization of focal liver lesions in cirrhosis: A single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of death amongst cirrhotic patients. Its diagnosis and discrimination from non-HCC malignant lesions in cirrhosis includes contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT), contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI), or, in selected cases, liver biopsy. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is still controversial. AIMS: To evaluate whether, by selecting an appropriate 'time to wash-out' cut-off value, CEUS capability of discriminating between HCC and non-HCC malignancies in cirrhotic patients may be enhanced. METHODS: We enrolled 282 cirrhotic patients who underwent CEUS at our institute, from January 2008 to January 2012, for focal liver lesions (FLLs) detected at ultrasound (US). We used liver biopsy and subsequent histological evaluation as the gold standard for correct classification of FLLs. We calculated the area under receiver operator characteristic curves for CEUS to distinguish patients with HCC from those with non-HCC malignancies. The best 'time to wash-out' cut-off values were selected. RESULTS: HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF FLLS WAS AS FOLLOWS: 34 benign lesions (i.e. 25 regenerative nodules and 9 dysplastic nodules) and 248 malignant lesions (223 well-to-moderately differentiated HCCs; 7 poorly-differentiated HCCs; 5 intrahepatic colangiocellular carcinomas (ICCs); 5 primary non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHBLs); and 8 metastatic liver tumors). A time to wash-out > 55 s identified patients with HCC with the highest level of accuracy (92.7%). Similarly, a time to wash-out ≤ 55 s correctly identified the vast majority of the non-HCC malignancies (100% sensitivity, 98.2% specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 98.3%). CONCLUSIONS: CEUS is an accurate and safe procedure for discriminating FLLs in cirrhotic patients, especially when a cut-off time to wash-out of 55 s is chosen as a reference value.

Herbal products: benefits, limits, and applications in chronic liver disease.

Complementary and alternative medicine soughts and encompasses a wide range of approaches; its use begun in ancient China at the time of Xia dynasty and in India during the Vedic period, but thanks to its long-lasting curative effect, easy availability, natural way of healing, and poor side-effects it is gaining importance throughout the world in clinical practice. We conducted a review describing the effects and the limits of using herbal products in chronic liver disease, focusing our attention on those most known, such as quercetin or curcumin. We tried to describe their pharmacokinetics, biological properties, and their beneficial effects (as antioxidant role) in metabolic, alcoholic, and viral hepatitis (considering that oxidative stress is the common pathway of chronic liver diseases of different etiology). The main limit of applicability of CAM comes from the lacking of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials giving a real proof of efficacy of those products, so that anecdotal success and personal experience are frequently the driving force for acceptance of CAM in the population.

El papel de las hormonas intestinales en el control de la ingesta alimentaria: su función en enfermedades incipientes / The role of gut hormones in controlling the food intake. What is their role in emerging diseases?

El sistema nervioso central (SNC) recibe cierta información periférica capaz de regular el equilibrio energético del individuo a través de señales metabólicas, neuronales y endocrinas. Los nutrientes ingeridos entran en contacto con varios sitios del tracto gastrointestinal que son capaces de alterar las señales nerviosas y pépticas. Existe una fuerte relación entre el sistema nervioso central y estas señales periféricas (hormonas gastrointestinales) en el control de la ingesta de alimentos. El objetivo de esta revisión es aportar información actualizada sobre el papel de las hormonas intestinales como mediadoras de la conducta alimentaria, y de los diversos nutrientes que modulan la producción de hormonas intestinales. También se analiza el papel de las hormonas intestinales en la patogénesis de enfermedades incipientes tales como la obesidad y la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA), así como la posibilidad de que estas señales periféricas sean dianas en futuras alternativas terapéuticas (AU)

Central nervous system (CNS) receives peripheral relevant information that are able to regulate individual's energy balance through metabolic, neural, and endocrine signals. Ingested nutrients come into contact with multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract that have the potential to alter peptide and neural signaling. There is a strong relationship between CNS and those peripheral signals (as gastrointestinal hormones) in the control of food intake. The purpose of this review is to give updated information about the role of gut hormones as mediators of feeding behavior and of different nutrients in modulating gut hormones production. The role of gut hormones in the pathogenesis of emerging diseases as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also discussed together with the possible role of these peripheral signals as targets of future therapeutic options (AU)

The role of gut hormones in controlling the food intake: what is their role in emerging diseases?

Central nervous system (CNS) receives peripheral relevant information that are able to regulate individual's energy balance through metabolic, neural, and endocrine signals. Ingested nutrients come into contact with multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract that have the potential to alter peptide and neural signaling. There is a strong relationship between CNS and those peripheral signals (as gastrointestinal hormones) in the control of food intake. The purpose of this review is to give updated information about the role of gut hormones as mediators of feeding behavior and of different nutrients in modulating gut hormones production. The role of gut hormones in the pathogenesis of emerging diseases as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also discussed together with the possible role of these peripheral signals as targets of future therapeutic options.

Rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a challenging complication in patients with advanced liver disease. It can be defined as a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by portosystemic venous shunting, ranging from minimal to overt hepatic encephalopathy or coma. Its pathophysiology is still unclear, although increased levels of ammonia play a key role. Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is currently based on specific tests evaluating the neuropsychiatric state of patients and their quality of life; the severity of hepatic encephalopathy is measured by the West Haven criteria. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy consists of pharmacological and corrective measures, as well as nutritional interventions. Rifaximin received approval for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in 2010 because of its few side effects and pharmacological benefits. The aim of this work is to review the use and efficacy of rifaximin both in acute and long-term management of hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy involves management of the acute episode as well as maintenance of remission in those patients who have previously experienced an episode, in order to improve their quality of life. The positive effect of rifaximin in reducing health care costs is also discussed.